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Nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi, yokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala N₂, ndi madzi opanda mtundu, opanda fungo, komanso opanda poizoni omwe amapezeka posungunula nayitrogeni kudzera mu njira yozizira kwambiri. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa sayansi, zamankhwala, mafakitale, ndi kuzizira kwa chakudya chifukwa cha kutentha kwake kochepa kwambiri komanso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana. Ndiye, kodi nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi imapangidwa bwanji? Nkhaniyi ipereka yankho latsatanetsatane la funsoli kuchokera mbali zingapo: kuchotsa nayitrogeni, njira yolekanitsira mpweya wozizira kwambiri, njira yopangira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi, ndi ntchito zake zothandiza.

Kuchotsa nayitrogeni

Kupanga nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi kumafuna gawo loyamba lopeza nayitrogeni woyera. Nayitrogeni ndiye gawo lalikulu la mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi, lomwe limawerengera 78% ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Kutulutsa nayitrogeni nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolekanitsa mpweya wozizira kwambiri kapena njira zotsatsira mpweya wozizira kwambiri (PSA). Kulekanitsa mpweya wozizira kwambiri ndiyo njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale. Mwa kukanikiza ndi kuziziritsa mpweya, kumalekanitsa mpweya, nayitrogeni, ndi zigawo zina za mpweya pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Njira yotsatsira mpweya wozizira kwambiri imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zotsatsira mpweya wosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa nayitrogeni kukhala woyera kwambiri kudzera mu njira yotsatsira ndi kutsatsira mpweya. Njirazi zimatsimikizira kuyera ndi mtundu wa nayitrogeni ngati chinthu chofunikira popanga nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi.

Njira yolekanitsira mpweya wozizira kwambiri

Njira yolekanitsa mpweya wozizira kwambiri ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri popanga nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde osiyanasiyana owira a mpweya mumlengalenga kuti asungunuke nayitrogeni, mpweya, ndi zinthu zina za mpweya pang'onopang'ono. Mafunde owira a nayitrogeni ndi -195.8℃, pomwe a mpweya ndi -183℃. Pochepetsa kutentha pang'onopang'ono, mpweya umasungunuka kaye ndikulekanitsidwa ndi mpweya wina, ndikusiya gawo lotsalalo ngati nayitrogeni yoyera kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, nayitrogeni iyi imaziziritsidwanso pansi pa mafunde ake owira kuti isungunuke kukhala nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi, yomwe ndi mfundo yaikulu yopangira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi.

Njira yopangira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi

Njira yopangira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi imakhudza masitepe angapo akuluakulu: Choyamba, mpweya umakanikizidwa ndikuyeretsedwa kuti uchotse zinyalala monga madzi ndi carbon dioxide; kenako, mpweya umaziziritsidwa kale, nthawi zambiri kufika pafupifupi -100℃ kuti ukhale wothandiza pakulekanitsa; kenako, kulekanitsa kozizira kwambiri kumachitika, pang'onopang'ono kuziziritsa mpweyawo kufika kutentha kwa nayitrogeni kuti mpweya wa nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi upezeke. Munjira imeneyi, zosinthira kutentha ndi nsanja zogawa zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti zigawo zosiyanasiyana zikulekanitsidwa bwino pa kutentha koyenera. Pomaliza, mpweya wa nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi umasungidwa m'zidebe zotetezedwa mwapadera kuti usunge kutentha kwake kochepa kwambiri ndikuletsa kutayika kwa nthunzi.

Mavuto aukadaulo pakupanga nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi

Kupanga nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi kumafuna kuthana ndi mavuto angapo aukadaulo. Choyamba ndi kusamalira malo otentha pang'ono, chifukwa kutentha kwa nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Panthawi yothira madzi, ndikofunikira kusunga kutentha kochepera -195.8℃, komwe kumafuna zida zoziziritsira bwino komanso zinthu zotetezera kutentha. Kachiwiri, panthawi yozizira kwambiri, mpweya wambiri uyenera kupewedwa chifukwa mpweya wamadzimadzi uli ndi mphamvu zowononga ma oxide ndipo ungayambitse ngozi. Chifukwa chake, panthawi yopangira, njira yolekanitsira nayitrogeni ndi mpweya iyenera kuyendetsedwa bwino, ndipo zipangizo zoyenera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosololi. Kuphatikiza apo, kunyamula ndi kusungira nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi kumafuna ma flask a Dewar opangidwa mwapadera kuti apewe kukwera kwa kutentha ndi kutayika kwa nthunzi ya nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi kwenikweni

Kapangidwe ka nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi kotsika kutentha kamapangitsa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Mu zamankhwala, nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a cryosurgery ndi kusunga minofu, monga kuzizira zilonda za pakhungu ndi kusunga zitsanzo zamoyo. Mu makampani azakudya, nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozizira chakudya mwachangu, chifukwa malo ake otentha kwambiri amatha kuzizira chakudya mwachangu, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe ka maselo ndikusunga kukoma koyambirira ndi zakudya za chakudya. Mu gawo lofufuza, nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza za superconductivity, kuyesa kwa fizikisi ya kutentha kochepa, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo oyesera azikhala otsika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, popanga mafakitale, nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zitsulo, kuchiza kutentha, komanso ngati mpweya wopanda mpweya kuti apewe zotsatira zina za mankhwala. Kutsiliza

Njira yopangira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, makamaka yomwe imachitika kudzera mu njira zolekanitsira mpweya wozizira kwambiri komanso ukadaulo wothira madzi. Kapangidwe ka nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi yotsika kutentha kamapangitsa kuti ikhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga mafakitale, zamankhwala, ndi kafukufuku. Kuyambira kutulutsa mpweya wa nayitrogeni mpaka kuthira madzi ozizira kwambiri komanso potsiriza mpaka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake, gawo lililonse limasonyeza mphamvu ya ukadaulo wapamwamba woziziritsa ndi wothira madzi. Mu ntchito zogwira ntchito, akatswiri amafunikanso kupitiliza kukonza njira yopangira kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito opangira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi.

Ndife opanga ndi kutumiza kunja kwa chipangizo cholekanitsa mpweya. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za ife:

Munthu Wolumikizana Naye: Anna

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