Kufalikira kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito kuchepetsa kukakamiza kuyendetsa makina owonda. Zambiri za momwe mungadziwitse mapindu omwe angakupatseni owonjezera akhoza kupezeka pano.
Nthawi zambiri mu makampani opanga mankhwala (CPI), "mphamvu zambiri zimawononga mavesi owongolera omwe madzi ambiri amakhala opsinjika" [1]. Kutengera ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo komanso zachuma, zitha kukhala zofunika kutembenuza mphamvuzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyendetsa majengare kapena makina ena osuntha. Kwa madzi osagwirizana (amadzimadzi), izi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito Turbine wa Hydraulic Enerner (hpt; onani Reference 1). Kwa zakumwa zopanikizana (mpweya), wowonjezera ndi makina oyenera.
Kufalikira ndiukadaulo wokhwima wokhala ndi ntchito zambiri zokhala ndi madzi osokoneza bongo (FCC), firiji, ma shopu achilengedwe, mpweya wolekanitsa kapena mpweya wopota. Mwakutero, mtsinje uliwonse wamagesi wokhala ndi kukakamizidwa kwa mpweya kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa bwino, koma "mphamvu yamphamvu imagwirizana mwachindunji, kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa mitsinje yamagesi" [2] komanso kuthekera kwachuma komanso kuthekera kwachuma. Kukhazikitsa kwa Excer: Njirayi zimatengera zinthu izi ndi zina, monga mitengo yamagetsi yam'deralo komanso kupezeka kwa zida zoyenera.
Ngakhale kuti turboexpander (kugwira ntchito mofananamo ku Turbine) ndiye mtundu wodziwika bwino kwambiri wowonjezera (Chithunzi 1), pali mitundu ina yoyenera njira zosiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi imabweretsa mitundu yayikulu yofananira ndi zigawo zawo ndikuwunika momwe amathandizira magawidwe osiyanasiyana, magulu owerengera mphamvu m'malo osiyanasiyana a CPI amatha kuwunikira zabwino zomwe zingatheke.
Pali mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasiyana kwambiri mu geometry ndi ntchito. Mitundu yayikulu ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2, ndipo mtundu uliwonse umafotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa. Kuti mumve zambiri, komanso zojambula zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a mtundu uliwonse malinga ndi ma diameters apadera ndi kuthamanga mwachindunji, onani Thandizo. 3.
Piston turboexpander. Piston ndi pistory piston turboexpanders amagwira ntchito ngati injini yamagetsi yamkati, yotenga mpweya wambiri ndikusintha mphamvu yake yosungidwa mu mphamvu ya crankshaft.
Kokerani ma turbo. Wowonjezera Turbine wowonjezera umakhala ndi chipinda choluka chokhala ndi ziphuphu zotsekemera zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi zoseweretsa za chinthu. Amapangidwa chimodzimodzi ndi magudumu amadzi, koma gawo la zipinda za neisec limachulukitsa kuchokera ku itlet kuti zitseke, kulola mpweya kuti ukulitse.
Radial turboexpander. Makina owuma a turboexpaanders ali ndi chotupa chambiri komanso malo ogulitsira, kulola mpweya kuti uchuluke kwambiri kudzera mu turbine. Mofananamo, ma turbines axial amakula mpweya kudzera pa guwa la Turbine, koma njira yotuluka imakhala yofanana ndi khwangwala.
Nkhaniyi ikunena za zonunkhira za turboexpanders, zikukambirana zapansi pa backpes, zigawo zikuluzikulu, ndi zachuma.
Thupi la Turboexpander limatulutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku mtsinje wambiri wamagetsi ndikusintha kukhala pagalimoto. Nthawi zambiri katundu ndi compressor kapena jenereta yolumikizidwa ndi shaft. Chingwe cha turboexpander ndi compressor chimasokoneza madzi m'magawo ena a mtsinje womwe umafunikira madzi ambiri, potero kuwonjezera mphamvu yonse pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zimawonongedwa. Chotupa cha turboexpander ndi jenereta chimatembenuza mphamvu kukhala magetsi, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzomera zina kapena kubwerera ku Grid komwe amagulitsa.
Majini a Turboexpander amatha kukhala ndi shaft yoyendetsa mwachindunji kuchokera ku guwa la Turbine kupita ku jenereta, kapena kudzera pabota yomwe imachepetsa liwiro kuchokera ku liwiro la Turbine kupita ku chivindikiro kudzera mu chivindikiro. Direct drive turboexsanders imapereka zabwino mu mphamvu, mtengo wamapazi ndi kukonza. Gearbox Turboexpanders ndiolemera ndipo amafuna njira yokulirapo, mafuta opanga mafuta othandizira, komanso kukonza pafupipafupi.
Kuyenda-kupyola kwa turboexpanders kumatha kupangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a ma turbines a radial kapena axial. Kuchulukitsa kwa radial kumakhala ndi gawo lokongoletsa komanso malo owonjezera kuti mpweya woyenda wa mpweya umatuluka ku Turbine modabwitsa kuchokera ku radiation. Axial Turbines amalola mpweya kuti uziyenda bwino motsatira njira yosinthira. Kutulutsa kwa axial kutuluka kumayiko kuchokera pampweya kudzera muongoletsedwe ophatikizira kwa gudumu lokulitsa, pomwe gawo la chipinda chokulitsa pang'onopang'ono likuwonjezereka kuti musunthe mwachangu.
Ceretor ku Turboexpander ali ndi zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu: gudumu la Turbine, zoseweretsa zapadera komanso jenereta.
Gudumu la Turbine. Mawilo a Turbine amapangidwa makamaka kuti athetse mphamvu yarydynamic. Zosintha zomwe zimakhudza maguyito a Turbine Chiwerengero chophatikizika chikakhala chokwanira kuchepetsedwa mu gawo limodzi, turboexpander ndi mawilo angapo a Turbine amafunikira. Mawilo a radine ndi axial amatha kupanga ngati ambiri, koma mawilo a axial amakhala ndi kutalika kofupikira kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake amakhala ofanana. Ma tepi toulukaltiage owoneka bwino amafunikira mpweya woyenda kuchokera kum'mimba kupita ku radial ndikubwerera ku Axial, ndikupanga kutayika kwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa ma turbines axial.
zinyamula. Kupanga kapangidwe kake ndikofunikira pakugwira ntchito moyenera kwa turboexpander. Zovala zokhudzana ndi mapangidwe a turboexpander zimasiyanasiyana ndipo zimaphatikizapo kuphatikiza mafuta, mafayilo amadzimadzi, mipira yachikhalidwe, komanso maginito. Njira iliyonse imakhala ndi zabwino zake komanso zovuta zake, monga zikuwonekera pagome 1.
Opanga ambiri a turboexpander amasankha maginiki ngati "ochita kusankha" awo chifukwa cha mwayi wawo wapadera. Magalimoto a Magnetic adawonetsetsa kuti agwirira ntchito ku Turboexpander's Entramic's Harmmines, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ndikukonzanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito pamoyo wa makinawo. Amapangidwanso kuti athe kupirira katundu wambiri ndi ma radial ndi zinthu zambiri. Mtengo wawo wapamwamba kwambiri umakhala wotsika kwambiri ndi ndalama zambiri.
dynamo. Jenereta amatenga mphamvu ya Turbine ndikusintha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi yothandiza pogwiritsa ntchito jenereta yamagetsi (yomwe ikhoza kukhala jenereta yokhazikika kapena jenereta yokhazikika). Majerezati apakati ali ndi liwiro lotsika, kotero ntchito ya Turbine imafunikira kuti agwirizane ndi grid pafupipafupi, ndikuchotsa kufunika kwa kuyendetsa bwino kwa magetsi osinthika. Mjeremani okhazikika, mbali inayo, ikhoza kukhala shaft yolumikizidwa mwachindunji ku Turbine ndikutumiza mphamvu ku Gridi poyendetsa pafupipafupi. Jenereta adapangidwa kuti apereke mphamvu yayikulu yotengera mphamvu ya shaft yomwe ilipo m'dongosolo.
Zisindikizo. Chisindikizochi ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri popanga dongosolo la turboexpander. Kuti musunge bwino komanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira zachilengedwe, machitidwe ayenera kusindikizidwa kuti alepheretse kusintha kwa gasi. Turboexpanders imatha kukhala ndi zisindikizo kapena zisindikizo. Zisindikizo za a Labyrinth, monga Zisindikizo zouma zamagesi, zimapereka chisindikizo mozungulira shaft yozungulira, yomwe ili pakati pa gudumu la Turbine, magwiridwe antchito onse pomwe jenereta imapezeka. Zisindikizo zamphamvu zimavala pakapita nthawi ndipo zimafuna kukonza pafupipafupi ndikuwunika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino. Zikuluzikulu zonse zikakhala ndi nyumba imodzi, zisindikizo zing'onozing'ono zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza kutsogoleredwa ndi nyumba, kuphatikiza kwa jenereta, magnetic kunyamula ma drives, kapena masensa. Zisindikizo za Airtight zimapereka chitetezo chokhazikika ku kutaya kwa mpweya ndipo sikufuna kukonza kapena kukonza.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro, zofunika kwambiri kukhazikitsa wowonjezera ndikupereka mpweya wopanikiza (wosakhala ndi mpweya wotsekemera) kuti ukhale wotsika kwambiri, kukakamizidwa kokwanira ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuteteza magetsi. Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito amasungidwa pamalo otetezeka komanso abwino.
Pankhani yovuta kuchepetsa ntchito, wowonjezera akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa Joule-Thomson (jt) valavu, amadziwikanso kuti valavu yansanja. Popeza valavu ya JT imayenda m'njira ya Isuneropic ndipo wowonjezera amayenda m'njira ya Isuneropic, yotsirizira imachepetsa mphamvu ya gasi ndikusintha kagulu kakang'ono ka shaft. Izi ndizothandiza pakuchitika komwe cholinga ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya.
Ngati pali malire otsika pa kutentha kwa mpweya (mwachitsanzo, munthawi younikira komwe kutentha kwa mpweya uyenera kusamalidwa kwa mpweya pamwamba, hydration, kapena kutentha kocheperako), ndipo wotenthetsa m'modzi ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. kuwongolera kutentha kwa mafuta. Pamene Preshoota ali kumtunda kwa wowonjezera, ena mwa mphamvu zochokera pagulu la chakudya amachira mu Exppender, potero kuwonjezera mphamvu yake. Muzosintha zina pomwe kukonza kutentha kumafunikira, chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chingakhazikitsidwe pambuyo powonjezera mphamvu kuti chithandizire mwachangu.
Mu mkuyu. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa chithunzi chosavuta chojambulira chithunzi cha jenerider yowonjezera ndi Freheataly omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa vative.
Munjira zina zakumapeto, mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka mu Expreander zitha kusamutsidwa mwachindunji kwa compresser. Makinawa, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa "atsogoleri", nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kukula ndi kukakamiza magawo olumikizidwa ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo, zomwe zingaphatikizeponso kuti gearbox kuti ithetse kuthamanga pakati pa magawo awiriwo. Zitha kuphatikizaponso galimoto ina kuti ipereke mphamvu zambiri ku malo okakamiza.
Pansipa pali zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwira ntchito moyenera komanso kukhazikika kwa dongosolo.
Bypass valavu kapena kukakamizidwa kuchepetsa valavu. Valve Valve imalola kugwira ntchito kuti apitilize pomwe a Turboexpander sakugwira ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kukonza valalo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa mpweya wowonjezera poyambira.
Valavu yadzidzidzi yadzidzidzi (ESD). Ma Valve a ESD amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka kuyenda kwa mpweya mu wowonjezera mudzidzidzi popewa kuwonongeka kwamakina.
Zida ndi zowongolera. Zosintha zoyenera kuwunikira zomwe zimaphatikizira ndi kupanikizika, kuthamanga, kuthamanga kwa njira, ndi kutulutsa kwamphamvu.
Kuyendetsa kuthamanga kwambiri. Chipangizocho chimachoka kupita ku Turbine
Valani Valve chitetezo (PSV). PSV nthawi zambiri imayikidwa turboexpander kuteteza mapaipirines ndi zida zotsika kwambiri. PSV iyenera kupangidwa kuti ithe kupirira zitsamba zowopsa kwambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kulephera kwa valavu yakumapeto kuti itseguke. Ngati wowonjezera amawonjezeredwa ku malo ochepetsedwa omwe alipo, gulu lodzikongoletsa liyenera kudziwa ngati psv yomwe ilipo imapereka chitetezo chokwanira.
Otenthetsa. Maofesi amalipira kuti kutentha kumayambitsidwa chifukwa cha gasi kudutsa turbine, kotero mpweya uyenera kuchitika. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa mpweya wokwera kuti musunge kutentha kwa mpweya kusiya wowonjezera pamtengo wochepera. Ubwino wina wokweza kutentha ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zotulutsa komanso kupewa kututa, kukhazikika, kapena ma hydites omwe amatha kuvulaza zipewa zopweteka. Munjira zokhala ndi zosintha za kutentha (monga zikuwonekera pa Chithunzi 3), kutentha kwa mpweya nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi kuwongolera kutuluka kwa madzi otentha kuti akhale otsogola. Mu mapangidwe ena, chotenthetsera chamoto kapena chotenthetsera chamagetsi chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa kutentha kwa kutentha. Ma Heaters atha kukhalapo kale pa malo omwe alipo a JT, ndikuwonjezera wowonjezera sangathe kukhazikitsa zowonjezera zowonjezera, koma makamaka kuwonjezera madzi otentha.
Mafuta mafuta ndi makina opangira mafuta. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, owonjezera amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, omwe angafunire mafuta ndi mipweya yosindikiza. Pomwe zimatheka, mafuta opangira mafuta ayenera kukhala oyenera mukamacheza ndi mipweya yambiri, ndipo mafuta a viscccluvel ayenera kukhalabe mkati mwa mitundu yopanga mafuta. Makina osindikizidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chipangizo chomata mafuta kuti mupewe mafuta kuchokera m'bokosi lonyamula kuchokera m'bokosi lowonjezera. Zogwiritsa ntchito zapadera za manganitse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma hydrocarbon, mafuta a manjenje ndi makina ogulitsira ambiri amapangidwira ku API 617.
Kuyendetsa mosinthika kwa Frequency (VFD). Pamene jenereta ili, vfd nthawi zambiri imatembenuka kuti isinthe mawonekedwe apano (AC) kuti mufanane ndi ntchito yothandizira. Nthawi zambiri, zopanga zokhudzana ndi ma driver osinthika amakhala ndi ntchito yayitali kwambiri kuposa mapangidwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma gearbox kapena zinthu zina. Makina opangidwa ndi VFD amathanso kukhala ndi kusintha kwazinthu zambiri zomwe zingawonongeke pakusintha kwa liwiro la shaft.
Kutumiza. Zopanga zina zowonjezera zimagwiritsa ntchito gearbox kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwa liwiro la jenereta. Mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito gearbox ndi wotsika kwambiri chifukwa chake otsika mphamvu.
Mukamakonzekera pempho la mawu (RFQ) powonjezera, injiniya wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kudziwa zofunikira, kuphatikiza izi:
Opanga makina nthawi zambiri amamaliza kufotokozera kwa conereya ndi zolembera pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku malo opatsirana ena opaleshoni. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo izi:
Zolemba zomwe ziyeneranso kuphatikiza mndandanda wa zikalata ndi zojambula zoperekedwa ndi wopanga ngati gawo la njira yachifundo komanso njira yoyesera, komanso njira yoyesera monga polojekiti.
Zambiri zaukadaulo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi wopanga monga gawo la njira yachifundo iyenera kuphatikizira zinthu zotsatirazi:
Ngati mbali iliyonse ya polembayo imasiyana pazoyambirira zoyambirira, wopanga iyeneranso kupereka mndandanda wa kupatuka komanso zifukwa zopatuka.
Pempho likalandiridwa, gulu la project projekiti liyeneranso kubwereza pempholi lotsatira ndikudziwa ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ili ndi thupi.
Maganizo ena aukadaulo kuti muganizire mukamaona malingaliro akuphatikizira:
Pomaliza, kusanthula kwachuma kuyenera kuchitika. Chifukwa zosankha zosiyana zimatha kubweretsa ndalama zingapo zoyambira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti kusanthula kwa ndalama kapena kuwunika kwa moyo kumachitika kuti afananize zachuma ndi kubweza. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyambirira kumatha kutha kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuchulukitsa zokolola kapena kuchepetsa kukonzanso. Onani "zonena" za malangizo pamtundu wamtunduwu. 4.
Mapulogalamu onse a Turboexpander amafunikira kuwerengera koyambirira kwa mphamvu kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zingatulutsidwe mu ntchito inayake. Kwa jenitor jearetander, mphamvu yomwe ingawerengeredwe ngati njira ya isyropic (yokhazikika). Ichi ndiye mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri poganizira njira yosinthira popanda kukangana, koma ndiyolondola poyerekeza mphamvu yeniyeni mphamvu.
Isyropic yomwe ingathere mphamvu (IPP) imawerengedwa ndikuchulukitsa kusiyana kwapadera pa inlet ndi malo owonjezera a turboexpander ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Mphamvu yomwe ingafotokozeredwe ngati kuchuluka kwa Isneropic (equation (1):
IPP = (Hinlet - H (i, e))) ṁ ṁ x x x ŋ (1)
Komwe h (i, e) ndi expypy yomwe ikufunsani kutentha kwa Isunepic kotuluka ndipo ṁ ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi.
Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zomwe zingatheke zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza mphamvu, machitidwe onse amakhudzidwa ndi kukangana, kutentha, ndi mphamvu zina zokuza. Chifukwa chake, powerengera mphamvu zenizeni, zambiri zowonjezera zotsatira ziyenera kufotokozedwa:
M'mapulogalamu ambiri a turboexpander, kutentha kumakhala kochepa kuti muchepetse mavuto osafunikira monga kuzizira kwa chitoliro chomwe tatchulapo kale. Komwe mpweya wachilengedwe umayenda, ma hydrates nthawi zonse amakhalapo, kutanthauza kuti mapaipi pansi a turboexpander kapena valavu ya thruttle adzamasula mkati mwatsopano ngati kutentha kumatsika pansi 0 ° C. Kupanga kwa Ice kumatha kubweretsa kuchotsedwa ntchito ndikutseka dongosolo kuti ateteze. Chifukwa chake, matenthedwe akuti "omwe akufuna" omwe akufuna "amagwiritsidwa ntchito amawerengera zomwe zingachitike. Komabe, kwa magesi monga haidrojeni, malire a kutentha ndi otsika kwambiri chifukwa hydrogen sasintha kuchokera pampweya mpaka umafika kutentha kwa ma crygenic (-25 ° C). Gwiritsani ntchito kutentha kumeneku kuti muwerengere.
Mphamvu ya Carboexpander dongosolo iyeneranso kuganiziridwa. Kutengera ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchita bwino kwa dongosolo kumatha kusiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, turboexpander yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochepetsa kusamutsa mphamvu zosinthana ndi jeartor kupita ku generations kuposa dongosolo loyendetsa ku Turbine kupita ku jenereta. Mphamvu yonse ya Turboexpander system imafotokozedwa ngati peresenti ndipo imakhudzidwa mukamawerengera mphamvu zenizeni za turboexpander. Momwe mungathere (ma pp) amawerengedwa motere:
PP = (Hinlet - Hexit) × ṁ x x (2)
Tiyeni tiwone kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kupuma kwamphamvu kwa mpweya. ABC amagwira ntchito ndikusungabe malo ochepetsa omwe amatulutsa mpweya wachilengedwe kuchokera pa bomba lalikulu ndikugawana ndi maboma am'deralo. Pamasiteshoni iyi, kukakamizidwa kwa mafuta ndi ma 40 bar ndi zovuta za extlet ndi 8 bar. Kutentha kotsatsa kwa mpweya ndi 35 ° C, komwe kumapangitsa mpweya kuti usawonongere masipu. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa mpweya kumayenera kuwongoleredwa kuti sikugwa pansi pa 0 ° C. Pachitsanzo ichi tidzagwiritsa ntchito 5 ° C ngati kutentha kochepa kowonjezera kuti muwonjezere chitetezo. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowoneka bwino ndi 50,000 nm3 / h. Kuti mupeze mphamvu zotheka, tilingalira kuti mpweya wonse umayenda kudzera mu Thbo Exprender ndikuwerengera zotulutsa mphamvu. Onaninso mphamvu zonse zomwe zidatha kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito izi:
Post Nthawi: Meyi-25-2024